Who will run 'trust' schools? ＃3 Reflections

文章中提到四種不同的私人企業組織體，如果參與學校運作經營，是否會反而控制學校？且企業的產業是否應該有所限制？以免學校變成置入性行銷的場域。

英國政府希望透過夥伴關係與學校進行某種程度的合作，便能夠適時引入私人企業、公司、慈善機構或其他教育組織，建立合作與支持的運作平台，使學校經營的系統能夠更加多元性，而導入信託學校的新式學校體制，優勢有三：

1.學校能夠與其他公私立組織合作，開授多元的課程，師資豐富且享有業界提供的資源；

2.實踐標竿管理，引進企業管理知能，能強化學校行政運作的能力；

3.建立夥伴關係，人力與資源共享，有效降低營運成本，節省計畫與行政時間。

然而，這種夥伴關係如同美國特許學校，應該要有資格限制與評鑑規準，才能有效為學生受教品質把關。



全文：http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4794646.stm

Learning To Learn:Preparing Teachers and Students for Problem-Based Learning. #3

LEARNING TO LEARN: INQUIRY SKILLS
學習如何學習：探究技能

In PBL, students must seek and evaluate the information they acquire related to the
problem they are given to solve. Activities that involve inquiry learning include problem
framing, data gathering, divergent thinking or idea generation, evaluating alternatives,
and applying a solution to the problem (Hmelo & Ferrari, 1997). Web resources on
inquiry activities are:
問題導向的學習中，學生必須尋找並評估他們所需要的資訊是否和欲解決的問題有相關。
探究式學習的活動包含：問題建構、資料蒐集、擴散性思考或創意產生、評鑑方案及應用方法解決問題(Hmelo & Ferrari, 1997)。相關的網路資源參見以下：

* A Questioning Toolkit http://fromnowon.org/nov97/toolkit.html
   每個工具箱中有不同的問題和工具可以使用
* Higher-Order Thinking Strategies for the Classroom  （可以Facebook帳號登入）
http://members.aol.com/MattT10574/HigherOrderLiteracy.htm


LEARNING TO LEARN: REFLECTION SKILLS
學習如何學習：反思的技能

Reflection involves focused thinking about learning during the learning process.
However, students often get caught up in completing a task and do not take time to
reflect. Students learn from two kinds of reflection activities. The first focuses on the
content, with students asking questions such as "What do I know now, and how can I
use this information to meet the project's goal?" The second is reflection on the learning
process, wherein is asked such questions as "How am I doing as a learner in this
environment - as a self directed learner, as a problem solver, and as a collaborator?
What are my strengths and weaknesses? How can I improve?" Relevant web resources
to enhance student reflection include:
反思是指專注地回想在學習的過程中的學習。然而，學生經常陷入完成任務之中而沒有花時間反思。學生可以從兩方面著手學習如何反思：
（一）學習內容：讓學生自問「我知道了什麼，而我如何運用這些資訊達成目標？」
（二）學習過程：讓學生自問「在這個環境中我如何作為一個學習者？我如何作為一個自我導向的學習者？我如何作為一個問題解決者？我如何與人合作？我的優勢與弱勢是什麼？我應該如何改進？」
相關的網路資源如下：
* Developing Metacognition http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed327218.html
* Metacognition http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/metacogn.html
   newURL:http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/metacogn.html